油的根本原因分析 & 天然气工业

Materials fail for different reasons, but they 骨折 by four principal modes: 乏力, 分裂, 酒窝破裂, 和脱粘破裂. Each of these modes has its own characteristic 骨折 appearance.

1. 疲劳断裂 is the result of repetitive loading. 裂纹在阶段I开始, 在第二阶段繁殖, and reaches catastrophic 骨折 including separation in Stage III. Fatigue striations observed generally in high cycle 乏力 align perpendicular to crack propagation direction.
2. 分裂 is a low-energy 骨折 that is completely flat and featureless. 河流模式, 羽毛的标记, and chevron patterns are some of the features observed in 分裂 mode of 骨折.
3. 酒窝破裂 is the mode of 骨折 when an overload is the principal cause of failure. Microvoid coalescence is the characteristic feature observed in 酒窝破裂.
4. Decohesive破裂 occurs 与 little plastic deformation and involves weakening of the atomic bonds. 氢脆, 应力腐蚀开裂, and creep are some of the examples of decohesive rupture.

im体育APP's experts employ a wide variety of 金相分析 services to determine the failure causes of parts, products, and engineering structures.

A material's composition affects everything about it—how long it lasts, 它是多么强壮或灵活啊, 如何包装, 等. Investigative Chemistry is based on the idea that materials questions can be answered by examining the processes, 组件, 还有化学反应.

im体育APP’s investigative 化学家 possess a unique range of experience in consulting, 分析测试, 工业化学. 是否有日常的QA/QC协助, 材料验证, or elemental analysis - or nonroutine projects 如 product deformulation, identification of unknown materials, or the analysis of a failed part or product - we are prepared to work 与 you to explore solutions. im体育APP serves the 测试 needs of all types of industries and government agencies.

im体育APP performs 测试 and evaluation using the following techniques and onsite specialized equipment: 

• Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR Analysis) 
• 气体 色谱法/Mass Selective Detection (GC/MSD) 
• 扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 与 能源 Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) 
• Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) 
• Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Mysterious stains or discolorations, 不明残留物或沉积物, or evidence of 腐蚀 on the surface of a part - those are often difficult and costly problems to solve.

im体育APP residue analysis experts are trained in techniques that can help you determine the nature of the beast and get to the bottom of unknown substances that can have a detrimental effect on your parts or products. 我们的 从事专家 use a combination of analysis techniques to characterize various types of residues. SEM/EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy 与 能源 Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis is used to determine the elemental composition of the residue, 与 XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) sometimes used to identify specific compounds present. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is also sometimes used when residues appear to exhibit high levels of carbon or other low energy elements or are too thin to accurately analyze 与 the SEM/EDS system. 

When a more in-depth analysis is requested or required, 立体显微镜的结合, 扫描电镜分析, and metallurgical examination is used to characterize the residue as being on top of the surface (a deposit or stain) or being beneath the surface (a 腐蚀 product or inclusion 与in material).

Polymeric materials 如 弹性体, 热塑性塑料, 和复合材料 are widely used in 石油field equipment deployed by 石油 & 世界各地的天然气公司.

In the case of elastomeric (rubber) seals, exposure in service to aggressive treatment chemicals and/or elevated temperatures and pressures can chemically and/or mechanically degrade the parts, 导致不可逆转的变化, 性能恶化, and eventual functional failure of the component. The challenge is therefore to determine the root cause of failure so that preventative and corrective actions can be implemented to ensure that it does not happen again. im体育APP has been involved in providing 故障分析服务 on upstream, 中游, and downstream applications including:

• Pumps and 阀门 (ball, butterfly, pressure relief, bonnet, flow control)
• Hoses (bunker, choke/kill, sampling, diesel & 饮用水输送，脐带)
• Drilling and production equipment (compressors, 板式换热器, 封隔器, 防喷器, 海底和地面测试树, 衬垫衣架, 好拖拉机, 转动)
• Pipelines for natural 气体 and chemical processing (coatings, liners)

我们的 proven failure analysis approach is to develop a thorough understanding of the failed component’s service environment by working 与 our clients to gather relevant data from the field, 如 

• Component location and function (engineering dra翅膀)
• Material type and grade (datasheet, part label)
• Service conditions (fluids, temperature, pressure, duration)
• Design conditions (temperature, pressure, static/dynamic)
• Previous issues 与 this or similar 组件

我们的 tried and tested failure analysis techniques include:

• Forensic inspection and cataloging of the damaged component (microscopes, SEM)
• Component measurement (dimensions)
• Material characterization (hardness, density, mechanical)
• Material/fluid type analysis (FTIR, NMR, GC-MS, TGA, DSC, XRD)
• Material-fluid compatibility assessment (fluid exposure vessels; ovens)
• Machining to facilitate inspection and extract test specimens (lathes, saws, CNC)

Legal and insurance firms need expert witnesses to provide testimony 与 a high level of service, 精准与专业. Through our team of 从事专家, im体育APP offers materials science and engineering litigation services to a wide range of industries, 包括航空航天, 产品制造, 生物医学和医疗设备, 汽车, 石油 & 天然气、建筑等等.

im体育APP scientists and 工程师 possess many years of experience, 高级学位, and certifications in many sub-disciplines including Materials Science & 工程, 机械工程, 化学工程, 高分子科学, 冶金工程, 焊接, 和腐蚀. To support our legal and insurance investigations, our laboratories use highly advanced analytical instrumentation, 如 state-of-the-art Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) equipped 与 ultrathin window 能源 Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) systems, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for molecular analysis. We have established chain-of-evidence procedures and locked legal storage to properly handle evidence in accordance 与 established standards (e.g., ASTM standard practices E860, E1188, and E1492).

我们的专长是:

• Detecting defects or evidence of abuse
• Determining physical, mechanical, or chemical properties of materials
• 协助代位求偿
• Developing precision evidence analysis protocols
• Determining specification compliance
• 评估专利侵权
• 回应道伯特的挑战
• Delivering detailed and convincing deposition and trial testimony
• Advanced instrumentation and qualified expertise

We serve individual or groups of legal and insurance customers, including joint plaintiff and defendant investigations for litigating parties. 我们的 工程师 also coordinate 测试 与 other outside engineering expert, 测试, 支持公司.